This study stems from a concern to understand the implementation, knowledge, regulation and scope of artificial intelligence, in various countries. The investigation is contextualized within a European project, Cost Action EU/CA19143 Global digital rights network, leaded by the authors belonging to the Spanish team. The European Law proposal (European Parliament and Commission, 2021) has been under discussion previously. The European Union (EU) has taken a significant step by establishing clear rules for the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The world?s first Artificial Intelligence Regulation was agreed upon by the Council and the European Parliament last December 2023 (European Commission, 2024). This law has two fundamental objectives:
? Ensuring the safety and rights of citizens: The regulation aims to ensure that AI systems used in the EU are secure and respect the fundamental rights of individuals. ? Promoting investment and innovation in AI in Europe: The regulation encourages research and development in the field of AI within the European continent. Some key aspects of this regulation include: ? Definition of AI systems: The definition proposed by the OECD is used to clearly distinguish AI systems from other simpler software programs. ? Scope of application: The regulation does not apply to areas outside EU law or affect the competencies of Member States in matters of national security. Additionally, it does not apply to systems used exclusively for military or defense purposes, nor those used for research and innovation. ? High-risk AI systems: AI systems presenting significant risks will be subject to specific requirements and obligations to access the EU market. In cases of unacceptable risks, their use will be prohibited. Examples include behavioral cognitive manipulation and indiscriminate tracking of facial images obtained from the internet. ? Impact assessment on fundamental rights: Before introducing a new AI system to the market, its impact on fundamental rights will be assessed. The European legislation on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Turkish legislation show significant differences in their approaches and scope. Below, I outline some key differences:
Regarding differences between European regulation and non-European countries regulation, non-European countries, while actively engaged in developing strategies and regulations related to AI, have yet to introduce a law as comprehensive as that of the EU. In non-European countries, AI regulations may vary across application areas, lacking a specific harmonized framework for AI. In addressing ethical considerations and fundamental rights, the EU places significant emphasis on safeguarding fundamental rights and conducting impact assessments before the introduction of new AI systems. While non-European countries share these values, the implementation and application of ethical principles may differ. Regarding risks and prohibitions, in non-European countries, regulations may not be as detailed regarding specific risks and prohibitions. In the realm of innovation and competitiveness, the EU seeks to foster investment and innovation in AI within Europe. Similarly, non-European countries express interest in innovation, but their approach may differ in terms of priorities and strategies. In summary, while the EU has established pioneering and comprehensive legislation to jurisdictions share concerns about safety and rights, but their specific approaches may vary. All these need further discussion, as there is a Executive Order in the United States of America, a Law regulating Artificial Intelligence in China from august 2024 and a huge debate in California around the SB 1047.
Beatriz Peña. Interdisciplinary training. Degree in Hispanic Philology at the University of Navarra, Degree in Journalism at the University of Murcia and PhD at the University of Alicante. D. from the University of Alicante (2012). Predoctoral training through stays in the United States and England. Professor at the University of Huelva. Former Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Humanities. Researcher at the COIDESO research center and member of the ReaLl research group. She has participated in national and European competitive projects. She has been PI of 68/83 contracts with companies. She has two sexenios.
Celia Fdez-Aller holds a PhD in Law and Technology; her current position is Senior lecturer at the Technical University of Madrid, in charge or Courses about Legal and Ethical Aspects of Computer Science. Previously, she has been Lecturer at UCA (Universidad Centroamericana de El Salvador), Internship at Comillas University (Instituto de Informática Jurídica), Visiting Professor at Faculty of Law, Bristol University. Research interests are interdisciplinary studies on human rights based approach, data protection and legal implications of emerging technologies. She is part of the Management Committee of COST Action EU/CA19143 Global digital rights network.
Sergio D`Antonio Maceiras. Degree in Sociology. Master in Sociocultural Analysis of Knowledge and Communication and PhD in Philosophy from the Complutense University of Madrid. He participates in teaching and educational innovation projects, has been secretary of the Revista Política y Sociedad and editor of the Revista Teknokulura. His areas of interest are free software and culture, collaborative and open knowledge. His doctoral thesis focuses on the production and dissemination of knowledge through scientific journals. He is currently professor of Ethical, Social and Legal Aspects at the UPM, and member of the research group AI+DA (Applied Intelligence and Data Analysis). His future developments focus on ethics from an informational point of view and new constructs of online subjectivity/objectivity and social media analysis using computational techniques.
Nuno M. Garcia holds a PhD in Computer Science Engineering from the Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI, Covilhã, Portugal) (2008) and is a 5-year BSc in Mathematics / Informatics (Hons.) also from UBI (1999-2004). He was an entrepreneur (1988-2004), member of the Research Team at Siemens SA (2004-2007) and Nokia Siemens SA (2007-2008), and Head of Research at PLUX SA (2008-2010). Currently he is Full Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Vice President of the Department of Physics at the Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, and member of the research team of the Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering. He is also a Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações (Covilhã, Portugal).
Dr. Ale? Zavr?nik is a Senior Researcher and Director of the Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law in Ljubljana and a Regular Professor at the Faculty of Law University of Ljubljana. His research interest lies in the intersection of law, crime, technology, and fundamental rights. He was EURIAS / Marie Curie Fellow at the Collegium Helveticum (ETHZ) in Zürich, postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oslo and at the Max-Planck-Institute für ausländisches und internationals Strafrecht in Freiburg i. Br. Zavr?nik collaborated with the Council of Europe?s European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) on the preparation of the «Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems» (2018) and was a member of the Working Group of Experts on AI and Criminal Law established by the Council of Europe?s European Committee on Crime Problems (CD-PC). He is an independent Ethics Expert with the European Research Council (ERC).
Dr. Pika ?arf is an international relations advisor at the Information Commissioner of the Republic of Slovenia and a researcher at the Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law, Ljubljana. Her research interests include the intersection of law and technology, in particular the right to privacy and the protection of personal data in the digital age, cybercrime and the legal aspects of cyber security. In her doctoral dissertation she focused on the interoperability of information systems in the area of freedom, security and justice in the light of data protection.
Iva Ramu? Cvetkovi? is a PhD student at the Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, writing on responses to social harm caused by space technology. During her previous studies at the same Faculty, she also gained international experience through few semesters of studying at Coimbra University in Portugal and Heidelberg University in Germany in the scope of the ERASMUS+ programme, and by becoming a DAAD visiting scholar at the Institute of Criminology at the University of Cologne in 2023. Currently she works as a junior researcher at the Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law Ljubljana, researching legal issues related to newly developed technologies.
Alejandro Ramos holds a PhD in Philosophy from the University Abat Oliba CEU (Barcelona, 2007), a Doctorate in Theology (1995) and a Licentiate in Theology (1993) from the University of St. Thomas Aquinas "Angelicum" (Rome). Since 1995, he has been a Professor of Anthropology and Ethics at several Argentine universities: FASTA University, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Universidad del Salvador, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino. Between 2000 and 2014, he served as Professor of Ecclesiology and One and Triune God at the Major Seminary of La Plata (Argentina). He is the creator of courses, diplomas and distance learning courses in theological and philosophical subjects, among them, the Licentiate in Religious Education and the Licentiate in Pedagogy of Religious Education (UFASTA). Since 1998, he has served as Vice Rector of Formation at UFASTA. Since 2015, he has been a postgraduate evaluator for the National Commission for Evaluation and Accreditation (CONEAU) of the Ministry of Education of the Nation of the Argentine Republic. Since 2020, he is co-founder and president of the Ariadna Foundation.
Verónica Melo Ph. in Law from the Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Argentina, 2019), Master in Corporate Legal Advice from the Universidad Austral (Argentina, 2001); Lawyer (1997) and Specialist in High Technology Law (2004) from the Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Since 1998, she has been a Professor of Introduction to Law (Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina) and Professor of Legal Research Methodology and Thesis Workshop at the Doctorate in Law of the same University. She carries out activities of evaluation and editorial management: she is a member of the jury of dissertations, final works and/or theses at the Catholic University of Santa Fe (UCSFE) and at the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina). He is also a member of the editorial committee of In Itinere. Revista digital de estudios humanísticos and Revista Jurídica Austral. He has published numerous articles on law and digital technologies.
María Clara Lucifora holds a PhD (2016) and Professor (2008) in Letters from the National University of Mar del Plata (Argentina); Master Mundus Crossways in European Humanities from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and the University of St Andrews (Scotland) (2011). She obtained the Postdoctorate from the Center for Advanced Studies of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the National University of Córdoba (2024). Since 2020, she is Assistant Professor, in charge of the Semiotics Chair of the careers Prof. and Lic. in Letters (Faculty of Humanities) and Tec. in Digital Journalism (Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences) at the National University of Mar del Plata; although she teaches as an assistant professor since 2008. She is a researcher at the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (INHUS), CONICET-UNMDP; and at the Archives and Languages Research Center (CIAL), Faculty of Humanities-UNMDP. She is director of the research project: "Cultural Narratives in the Digital Era" (UNMDP).
Marcelo Ordoñez holds a Master?s Degree in Communication Management in Organizations (Universidad Austral, 2006), a Senior Specialist in Law and Economics of Climate Change (Flacso, 2014) and a Bachelor?s Degree in Social Communication (Universidad FASTA, 2002). Since 2019, he has been an Adjunct Professor of Information Technologies, University Degree in Digital Journalism, School of Economics and Social Sciences, UNMDP. Since 2010, he also serves as Head of the seminar "issue management of high complexity", in the Institutional Communication Program of the Graduate School of Communication. Austral University. Since 2018, he has been working as a Consultant specialized in public affairs and risk communications, working with various organizations in the private and public sphere both in Argentina and other Latin American countries.
Sejla Maslo ?erki? holds a PhD from the "D?emal Bijedi?" University of Mostar and master?s degree in law from the University of Sarajevo. She has been engaged as a lecturer in law and human rights at the Faculty of Law, "D?emal Bijedi?" University in Mostar and School of Law, Governance and Society, Tallin University. Her professional experience includes working for the OSCE (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe), Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving as a national legal officer within the Human Rights Section. Her duties include advising on the harmonisation on domestic legislation and practices with international human rights standards. She is a regular lecturer at the Sarajevo Faculty of Law Annual Medial Law School, a trainer in human rights topics for judges, prosecutors, students, journalists and civil society members in BiH, and panellist at regional and international conferences. She regularly co-operates with the OSCE Representative on Freedom of Media and Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights on freedom of media and freedom of religion or belief topics. She was a member of the Global Digital Human Rights Network (COST project), leading one of the research working groups.
Barbora Ba?urová, PhD. is a researcher focusing on philosophy, ethics and education, who has been involved in several interdisciplinary international projects oriented on selected aspects of digital world such as Erasmus + KA2 PLATO´S EU (Philosophical Learning Applied to Online Surroundings) and COST Global Digital Human Rights Network.
Micha? Byczy?ski, Mgr., is Attorney-at-law Trainee and Ph.D. candidate at the University of ?ód?, Poland. His research focuses on human rights law and new technologies. He is an alumnus of the Hague Academy of International Law and a member of the European Society of International Law (ESIL). He is a cybersecurity and AI security specialist (certified by CyberPeace Institute in Geneva and Microsoft), actively involved in educating about digital rights, providing legal support, and advocating for policy changes.
Jasper Schellekens graduated with an LLM in international law from the University of Leiden and has worked for the Commonwealth Cybercrime Initiative, the Asser Institute, and the Institute of Digital Games. Currently, he is supporting the research on the REFRAIME project on reinforcing Equality and Fundamental Rights in an Artificial Intelligence-Maintained Environment. He has published research at the intersection of AI and law examining responsibility and countermeasures.
Krista Bonello Rutter Giappone is a Research Support Officer with the Centre for Labour Studies at the University of Malta (UM), and a visiting senior lecturer with the Department of English (UM). She also teaches with the Institute of Digital Games (UM), and has taught in areas related to digital games at the Jagiellonian University, San Francisco State University, and the University of Lincoln, among other institutions. She has a background in law, and is an active researcher in the areas of digital games and workers? rights.
Artificial Intelligence and Digital Rights, Opportunities and Challenges
Autor:
V.V.A.A.
Código del producto: 8697
Categoría: Computación y tecnología de la información, Ciencias de la computación